Live Science has what I think is a very misleading article about oil. This is quite common, actually. We desperately need to believe that oil is going to appear magically, forever. Unfortunately, most oil, coal or gas deposits developed thanks to the earth's environment taking really wild swings especially several spectacular extinction cycles.
Nature has been transmuting dead life into black gold for millions of years using little more than heat, pressure and time, scientists tell us.But with gas prices spiking more than $1 per gallon in the United States this year and some experts predicting that the end of oil is near, scientists still don't know for sure where oil comes from, how long it took to make, or how much there is.
A so-called fossil fuel, petroleum is believed by most scientists to be the transformed remains of long dead organisms. The majority of petroleum is thought to come from the fossils of plants and tiny marine organisms. Larger animals might contribute to the mix as well.
"Even some of the dinosaurs may have gotten involved in some of this," says William Thomas, a geologists at the University of Kentucky. "[Although] I think it would be quite rare and a very small and insignificant contribution."
But another theory holds that more oil was in Earth from the beginning than what's been produced by dead animals, but that we've yet to tap it.
How it works
In the leading theory, dead organic material accumulates on the bottom of oceans, riverbeds or swamps, mixing with mud and sand. Over time, more sediment piles on top and the resulting heat and pressure transforms the organic layer into a dark and waxy substance known as kerogen.
The idea that petroleum is formed from dead organic matter is known as the "biogenic theory" of petroleum formation and was first proposed by a Russian scientist almost 250 years ago.In the 1950's, however, a few Russian scientists began questioning this traditional view and proposed instead that petroleum could form naturally deep inside the Earth.
This so-called "abiogenic" petroleum might seep upward through cracks formed by asteroid impacts to form underground pools, according to one hypothesis. Some geologists have suggested probing ancient impact craters in the search for oil.
Abiogenic sources of oil have been found, but never in commercially profitable amounts. The controversy isn't over whether naturally forming oil reserves exist, said Larry Nation of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. It's over how much they contribute to Earth's overall reserves and how much time and effort geologists should devote to seeking them out.
Great meteor impacts of course also cause major extinction events. This is, in other words, times when tremendous masses of living things cease living simultaneously. This leaves lots of rotting debris. And virtually no one to eat the dead. Instead, the climate takes a severe turn and coupled with the death of many living things, the mountains are stripped bare as if humans were logging there, heh. And water runs down and takes tons of rock and dirt and this washes over the dead creatures and plants, burying them.
Or the great Ice Age cycles which have been going on, more or less, for millions of years. Cyclothems:
VII. Periodicity of cycles.
Mid Pennsylvanian estimates:
Arizona: 352 ka (Connolly and Stanton, 1992)Other widely separated areas with different tectonic settings and styles of sedimentation:
235-400 ka (Heckel, 1986)
330-370 ka (Algeo, 1991)
230-385 ka (Goldhammer, et al., 1991).Given the error margins of time scales these still fall within the upper end of the Milankovitch band!!..... eccentricty of the Earth's orbit.
To make such a inference suggests that astronomic variables were the modulators of late Paleozoic ice sheet fluctuations as during the late Pliocene-Pleistocene. Would such be the case in the Paleozoic world?VIII. Cause.
¥Recent work has resulted in sea-level curves on the order of 60-100 meters.
¥Glacial eustasy is the only major mechanism for global sea-level changes of this magnitude and with the stated periodicity.
A. Estimates of Carboniferous ice volume and sea level response (Crowley and Baum, 1991).
Based on application of area volume relationships developed for Quaternary ice sheets
estimates derived for Westphalian (305Ma)
Three estmates made with different ice extent configurations
Ice I- 17.9 million sq. km 39.8 million cubic km
Ice II- 27.2 million sq. km 63.9 million cubic km
Ice III- 40.0 million sq. km 108.4 million cubic km
Greatest ice in West Gondwana, Antarctica-India-Mad., Australia, Andean
sea level influence of Ice I (once volume adjusted to a water equivalent by mult. by 91.7% and reducing the sea level equivalent by 28.4% to adjust for the isostatic effects of ice loading on continental shelves) = 45-75m
For comparision these figures are for the max. Pleistocene reconstruction
Laurentide ice sheet- 11.6 million sq. km
East Antarctic ice sheet- 10.2 million sq. km 21.8 million sq. km
Maximum Pleistocene global ice volume- 65.4 million sq. km.
B. Estimates of mid-continental Pennsylvanian sea level variations between maximum regressive phase and maximum flooding surface (Klein, 1992).
In other words, time periods like the Mississippian which produced tremendous amounts of coal on the American continent, was a time of occilating hot/cold cycles which alternately flooded the continent which rode pretty low in the water, the only mountains being the barest beginnings of the Appalachians. My corner of the continent, upstate New York, had the highest ground back then which is why we have no coal seams here, unlike the Appalachians. The main coal producing areas in America alternated between flooded by hyper-warm seas and then when Ice Ages took enough water out of the ecosystem to drop the sea level by 50+feet, the land exposed would first be sand dunes and windswept salt plains and then slowly colonized by land plants and animals and then huge forests would end up colonizing what was earlier, shallow seas and then suddenly, the ice would melt rapidly thanks to the rise in CO2 plus the sun, never a quiet star to begin with, flaring up again in its eternal cycles, and the water would, over a million years, reflood the continents and this cycle happened again and again while living things, struggling to survive this very variable cycle, was sufficiently stressed to cause tremendous Darwinian evolution.
This is why we see layers that have sharp boundries. The occilating climate/tectonic plate movement/volcano/sun cycles are why huge globs of rotting carcasses and plants have been sealed away multiple times in the distant past.
But today, this is very unlikely. As the table I presented here shows, the Ice Ages of the Permian past were hugely, gigantically greater than the ones that have occured during our own evolution. 108 million cubic kilometers back then compared to a measly 11.6 million c km during the last Ice Age!
This makes me wonder about something humans tend to forget: was there more H2O back then? We know Mars had more water. It is nearly gone. My grandfather used to study Mars up at Mt. Wilson Observatory. Going back to the turn of the 19th century, he drew the ever-changing landscape of Mars. Definitely, the poles were bigger. Each time the sun blasts us, our own lithosphere barely saves us from destruction but Mars has very little to protect itself to each cycle, the sun strips off a little more and eventually the planet will be as dry as the moon.
The ice moons around Saturn still retain much of their primal ice because they are very far from the sun, I am guessing.
Well, we are very much closer to the sun! And thanks to living things, we have had, for much of our planet's life, a generous blanket of various gasses to protect us! Except during the great extinctions. Especially during the Permian extinction which was the worst one of all.
There would have been precious little evolution if the climate remained steady-state. A rapidly changing environment is the engine that fuels drastic changes in evolution. And this runs alongside the creation of oil. There could be no oil if there were no violent swings in water/land cycles. Instead, this is the bedrock of energy which is why geologists look for oil, it isn't like using pigs to find truffles.
They have to understand geological applications to know where to look and they know that oil exists mostly where there have been great tepid seas/severely dry deserts/lush vegetation/tepid sea cycles over and over again!
Natural petroleum has formed from fossil organic material throughout geologic time, but because a minimum amount of time is required to form oil and gas, no deposits younger than 2 million years are known. Since petroleum in many older rocks has since been eroded away or heated to high temperatures where it breaksdown to methane, 60 percent of the world petroleum reserves are less than 65 million years old. Organic material is buried in fine grained sediments where is is protected from being oxidized by relatively rapid burial in an oxygen poor environment. Burial in more porous units such as sandstone results in oxidation of most of the organic material before it has a chance to be converted into useful hydrocarbons. Buried organic material is converted to Kerogen during diagenesis at shallow depths and temperatures below 50 degrees C. Kerogen converts to oil at temperatures of 50 to 100 degrees at depths of 2 to 4 kms. Burial at depths of 4 to 7 kms and temperature of 100 to 200 degrees C results in oil being converted to natural gases (propane, butane, etc.). Still deeper burial (greater than 7 kms) and hooter temperatures (greater than 200 degrees C.) converts complex natural gases into methane CH4. Oil prospectors look for rock units that have not been buried below 4 kms and have not been heated above 100 degrees C, because oil is worth much more than natural gas. A oil reservoir need 4 things: 1. a source rock; 2. a reservoir rock; 3. a capping layer above the reservoir; and a structural trap (such as an anticline, fault, or salt dome) or a stratigraphic trap (such as a channel deposit, an isolated beach or bar deposit, or a lateral facies change).
So not only does oil bearing strata have to be a certain age, they must have only so much sedimentary layering above themselves or the organic matter is overheated. And the deeper one goes into the earth, the warmer it is and 100 million years ago, it was warmer indeed.
And all oil prospectors know, salt domes can often hide fine oil deposits. Saudi Arabia was very low in the water up until Africa hit it and rammed it into Eurasia. So the multiple Ice Age/Hyper Warm occilations layered a tremendous amount of dead matter in such a fashion as to make it one of the greatest oil fields on earth.
Not one drop of which is abiotic!
We humans have to face the truth: either we change or we die and become oil, ourselves.
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